Navakanya
Skt., nava, "nine"Skt., kanya, "unmarried"
Nine types of free women
Although the Sanskrit term kanya usually simply designates "a woman not married", the concept of Navakanya is used by several Tantra's to indicate "free" women suited and/or allowed to engage in ritual sexuality.
On reading Tantric scripture it becomes clear that the term kanya, in this context, does not even require the women to be unmarried. Several Tantra's state explicitly that mithunam (Skt. coupling) can be done with one's own wife or husband or with the partner of someone else.
Though most texts merely lay out rules for men, with whom they may or may not do it, we see
that by implication also married women were free to engage in extra-marital sexual activity, be
it in a sacramental setting. This is revolutionary for the socio-religious structure of Indian
society; where orthodox Brahmanic law would punish a woman heavily for doing so.
Different Tantric texts name the following women as being Navakanya:
- actress
- barber woman
- brahmana woman
- cowherd woman
- kapalika woman
- shudra woman
- veshya (prostitute)
- washer-woman
- woman of the garland-maker class
Sources: Gupta-Sadhana Tantra, Kumari Tantra, Yoni Tantra
Some texts use the term kulangana instead of navakanja.